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No Access Submitted: 27 July 2017 Accepted: 27 January 2018 Published Online: 26 February 2018

  • Head waves in ocean acoustic ambient noise: Measurements and modeling
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The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, 1182 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5024332
Martin Sideriusa)
  • Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
    • Jie Li and Peter Gerstoft
  • Noiselab, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
    • more...View Affiliations
    View Contributors
    • Martin Siderius
    • Jie Li
    • Peter Gerstoft
    ABSTRACT
    Seismic interferometry recovers the Green's function between two receivers by cross-correlating the field measured from sources that surround the receivers. In the seismic literature, it has been widely reported that this processing can produce artifacts in the Green's function estimate called “spurious multiples” or the “virtual refracted wave.” The spurious multiples are attributed to the head wave and its multiples and travels in the seabed. The head wave phenomenon is shown to be observable from both controlled active sources and from ocean ambient noise and for both vertical and horizontal arrays. The processing used is a generalization of the passive fathometer to produce cross-beam correlations. This passive fathometer is equivalent to the seismic interferometry techniques for delay and sum beamforming but not for adaptive beamforming. Modeling and experimental data show the head wave is observed in ocean noise and can be used to estimate the seabed sound speed.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge support for this research by the Office of Naval Research Ocean Acoustics Program under Grant No. N00014-13-1-0632. We also would like to acknowledge the NATO Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation as well as Peter Nielsen, Chris Harrison, and Jurgen Sellschopp for their collaborations and help in providing the experimental data.

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